coding/python常用语法.md

## 技巧分类：
- 两指针
- 滑动窗口
- 二分法
- 字符串
- 数组
- 哈希表
- 链表
- 栈
- 单调栈
- 堆
- 排序
- 随机
- 累加和
- 二进制
- 贪心
- 树
- 回溯
- 图Visited
- 动态规划




## python语法

```python
# 列表
range(0, 111, 2) ;  range(111, -1, -1)
for i, num in enumerate(nums):
nums.index(30)      nums.index(30, 2, 5)   # 在索引 2 到 5 的范围内查找值 30 的索引
max_value = max(nums)
max_index = nums.index(max_value)
sorted(nums)      nums.sort()
nums.reverse()
res = [float('inf')] * 6
[[0] * n for _ in range(m)]
result.append(path[:])
```
```python
# 栈
stack = []
stack.append(s)
stack.pop()
```
```python
# 字符串
for c in t:   # t is str; c is char
for c1, c2 in zip(s, t):  # s, t are str  
for i, ch in enumerate(s):   # s: str
ord(i) - ord("a")                
chr(66)  #将 Unicode 编码值（整数）转换为对应的字符
str(3)
int("3")
s[0:6]  # s is str 的切片语法
repeated_s = s * 3
s.upper()  #不会改变原字符串，如果想要修改，需要重新赋值
s = "hello"    res=list(s)   ''.join(res)
s = s1 + " " + s2
```
```python
# 字典
count = {};   count[s] = count.get(s, 0) + 1；  del count[s]
count = collections.Counter(s1)
dic = {}    
count_dict = defaultdict(int)  # 使用 int，默认值为 0
list_dict = defaultdict(list)  # 使用 list，默认值为空列表
set_dict = defaultdict(set)  # 使用 set，默认值为空集合
if s in dic:   # s is key
dic["age"] = 26
del dic["city"]
for key in dic:
for value in dic.values():
for key, value in dic.items():
dict(sorted(my_dict.items(), key=lambda item: item[0]))
```
```python
# 队列
from collections import deque
d=deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
d.append(3)     d.appendleft(0)
d.pop()      d.popleft()
d[0]    d[-1]  # 查看左,右端元素
```
```python
# 堆
import heapq
heap = [1, 5, 10]
heapq.heapify(heap)
heapq.heappush(heap, 1)
heapq.heappop(heap)
heapq.heappush(pri_que, (freq, key))  #小顶堆，大小序按照元组第一个元素freq
```
```python
# 集合
set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set = set([1, 2, 3, 4])
set = set("aeiouAEIOU")
set.add(3)
set.update([1, 5])
set.remove(2)
set.pop()    随机删除一个元素
set1.union(set2)
if 3 in set:
```
```python
class ListNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, next=None):
        self.val = val
        self.next = next

class TreeNode:
    def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
        self.val = val
        self.left = left
        self.right = right
```
```python
import bisect
bisect.bisect_right(nums, x)

n, r = divmod(n, 10)
a % b   a // b

lambda x, y: int(x / y)

from operator import add, sub, mul

random.randint(1, 6)

1 << 3  # 将数字 1 左移 3 位 = 8

# 异或操作符 ^ 的规则是：相同为 0，相异为 1

x & (x - 1)   # 消去x最后一位的1 
x & (~ (x - 1))  # 获得最右边1开始至结尾

```